近日(ri)，中國人(ren)民(min)銀(yin)行與巴西中央銀(yin)行簽署了在巴西建(jian)立人(ren)民(min)幣清算安排的合作備忘錄。人(ren)民(min)銀(yin)行表示，巴西人(ren)民(min)幣清算安排的建(jian)立，將有(you)利于中巴兩國企業和金融機構使用人(ren)民(min)幣進(jin)行跨境交易(yi)，進(jin)一步促(cu)進(jin)雙邊(bian)貿易(yi)、投資便利化。

人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)與其(qi)他國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)央(yang)(yang)(yang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)幣清算(suan)(suan)安(an)排(pai)合(he)(he)作(zuo)備(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)早已有之，密集簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)期(qi)是(shi)在(zai)2014-2015年(nian)(nian)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)2014年(nian)(nian)與德國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、英國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、法(fa)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、盧(lu)森堡、韓國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、卡塔爾、加拿大、馬來西亞(ya)(ya)、澳大利亞(ya)(ya)、泰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)等10個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)央(yang)(yang)(yang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)了(le)建(jian)(jian)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)幣清算(suan)(suan)安(an)排(pai)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)作(zuo)備(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)，2015年(nian)(nian)又與瑞(rui)士、智利、匈牙(ya)利、南非(fei)、阿(a)根廷、贊比(bi)亞(ya)(ya)、阿(a)聯酋等7個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)央(yang)(yang)(yang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)了(le)建(jian)(jian)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)幣清算(suan)(suan)安(an)排(pai)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)作(zuo)備(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)。2016年(nian)(nian)僅與美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)邦儲備(bei)(bei)委員會、俄羅(luo)斯聯邦中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)(yang)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)別簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)了(le)建(jian)(jian)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)幣清算(suan)(suan)安(an)排(pai)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)作(zuo)備(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)，2017年(nian)(nian)沒(mei)有簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)，2018年(nian)(nian)與日(ri)本、菲(fei)律賓簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)了(le)備(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)。其(qi)后(hou)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)與各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)央(yang)(yang)(yang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)建(jian)(jian)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)幣清算(suan)(suan)安(an)排(pai)合(he)(he)作(zuo)備(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)進程中(zhong)(zhong)斷，直到2022年(nian)(nian)才恢復(fu)，當年(nian)(nian)9月(yue)20日(ri)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)發布(bu)了(le)與老撾和(he)哈薩(sa)克斯坦央(yang)(yang)(yang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)建(jian)(jian)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)幣清算(suan)(suan)安(an)排(pai)合(he)(he)作(zuo)備(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)消息。公布(bu)消息時人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)均表(biao)示，備(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)簽(qian)署(shu)(shu)將有利于(yu)“兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)企(qi)業(ye)和(he)金融機構使用(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)幣進行(xing)(xing)(xing)跨境(jing)交易，進一步促進雙邊貿易、投(tou)資(zi)便利化”。

從以往簽署(shu)(shu)的情(qing)況看，備(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)只是(shi)“組合(he)(he)拳”中(zhong)的一(yi)個環節。其他舉措還包括：第一(yi)，授(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)某銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)——通(tong)常(chang)是(shi)中(zhong)資(zi)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)在(zai)合(he)(he)作所(suo)在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的分(fen)(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)——擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)在(zai)該(gai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。例如(ru)，2014年6 月 28 日(ri)(ri)(ri)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與法蘭西(xi)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)簽署(shu)(shu)了(le)在(zai)巴(ba)黎建立人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)安(an)排(pai)的合(he)(he)作備(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)，與盧森(sen)堡(bao)(bao)中(zhong)央銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)簽署(shu)(shu)了(le)在(zai)盧森(sen)堡(bao)(bao)建立人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)安(an)排(pai)的合(he)(he)作備(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)；這年9 月 5 日(ri)(ri)(ri)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)授(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)巴(ba)黎分(fen)(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)巴(ba)黎人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，授(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)工商銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)盧森(sen)堡(bao)(bao)分(fen)(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)盧森(sen)堡(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。也有(you)簽署(shu)(shu)備(bei)忘(wang)錄(lu)之后，緊接著就(jiu)授(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的。一(yi)般來(lai)說指定清算(suan)(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)只有(you)一(yi)家，美國(guo)(guo)(guo)和日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)情(qing)況略有(you)不(bu)同(tong)。美國(guo)(guo)(guo)方(fang)面(mian)，除(chu)(chu)在(zai)2016年9月20日(ri)(ri)(ri)授(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)紐約分(fen)(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之外(wai)，還在(zai)2018年2月9日(ri)(ri)(ri)授(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)摩(mo)根大(da)通(tong)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)；日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)方(fang)面(mian)，除(chu)(chu)2018年10月26 日(ri)(ri)(ri)授(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)東京分(fen)(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)之外(wai)，還于2019年5 月 30 日(ri)(ri)(ri)授(shou)權(quan)(quan)(quan)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)三菱日(ri)(ri)(ri)聯(lian)銀行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擔(dan)任(ren)(ren)日(ri)(ri)(ri)本(ben)人(ren)(ren)民(min)幣(bi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)清算(suan)(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。

第二，在2019年(nian)9月(yue)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)外匯管理局公(gong)告取消合格(ge)(ge)境(jing)(jing)外機(ji)構(gou)投(tou)(tou)資者(zhe)(zhe)（QFII)和(he)人(ren)民(min)幣(bi)合格(ge)(ge)境(jing)(jing)外機(ji)構(gou)投(tou)(tou)資者(zhe)(zhe)投(tou)(tou)資額(e)(e)度限(xian)制之(zhi)前(qian)，通常還(huan)需要(yao)給(gei)(gei)予(yu)(yu)備忘錄簽署對象國(guo)(guo)一定(ding)數額(e)(e)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)民(min)幣(bi)合格(ge)(ge)境(jing)(jing)外機(ji)構(gou)投(tou)(tou)資者(zhe)(zhe)額(e)(e)度。例如，中國(guo)(guo)人(ren)民(min)銀行與(yu)法蘭(lan)西銀行簽署備忘錄之(zhi)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)2014 年(nian)3 月(yue) 26 日，中法聯(lian)合聲明就(jiu)宣布給(gei)(gei)予(yu)(yu)法國(guo)(guo) 800 億(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)民(min)幣(bi)合格(ge)(ge)境(jing)(jing)外機(ji)構(gou)投(tou)(tou)資者(zhe)(zhe)額(e)(e)度。從額(e)(e)度來看，給(gei)(gei)予(yu)(yu)美國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)最高，為(wei)(wei)2500億(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)民(min)幣(bi)；日本(ben)次之(zhi)，為(wei)(wei)2000億(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)民(min)幣(bi)；法國(guo)(guo)、韓國(guo)(guo)、德國(guo)(guo)又(you)次之(zhi)，為(wei)(wei)800億(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)民(min)幣(bi)；加拿大(da)、澳大(da)利(li)亞、瑞士、智利(li)、匈牙(ya)利(li)、馬來西亞、阿聯(lian)酋、泰國(guo)(guo)、荷蘭(lan)為(wei)(wei)500億(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)民(min)幣(bi)；給(gei)(gei)予(yu)(yu)卡塔(ta)爾的(de)(de)(de)額(e)(e)度最低，為(wei)(wei)300 億(yi)(yi)(yi)元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)民(min)幣(bi)。

上(shang)述舉措多(duo)數情(qing)況下分(fen)別進行(xing)(xing)(xing)，但(dan)也有簽署備(bei)(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄、授權清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)授予(yu)額度等舉措一次性(xing)全部完成的情(qing)況。例(li)如，2014年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)(yue) 3 日，中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)韓(han)國(guo)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簽署了(le)(le)在首(shou)爾(er)建(jian)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)幣(bi)(bi)清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)安排(pai)的合(he)作(zuo)備(bei)(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄，給予(yu)韓(han)國(guo) 800 億元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)幣(bi)(bi)合(he)格(ge)境外(wai)(wai)機(ji)構投資(zi)者(zhe)額度。同年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)(yue)4 日，授權交通銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)首(shou)爾(er)分(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)擔任(ren)首(shou)爾(er)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)幣(bi)(bi)業務(wu)(wu)清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。2014年(nian)(nian)11 月(yue)(yue) 8 日，中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)加拿大(da)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簽署了(le)(le)在加拿大(da)建(jian)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)幣(bi)(bi)清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)安排(pai)的合(he)作(zuo)備(bei)(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄，并(bing)給予(yu)加拿大(da)500 億元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)幣(bi)(bi)合(he)格(ge)境外(wai)(wai)機(ji)構投資(zi)者(zhe)額度；次日，授權中國(guo)工(gong)商銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)（加拿大(da))有限公司擔任(ren)多(duo)倫多(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)幣(bi)(bi)業務(wu)(wu)清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。2015年(nian)(nian)5 月(yue)(yue) 25 日，中國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)中央銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)簽署了(le)(le)在智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)建(jian)立人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)幣(bi)(bi)清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)安排(pai)的合(he)作(zuo)備(bei)(bei)(bei)忘(wang)錄，給予(yu)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)500 億元(yuan)(yuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)幣(bi)(bi)合(he)格(ge)境外(wai)(wai)機(ji)構投資(zi)者(zhe)額度。同日，授權中國(guo)建(jian)設(she)銀(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)分(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)擔任(ren)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)幣(bi)(bi)業務(wu)(wu)清(qing)(qing)算(suan)(suan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。

綜上(shang)所述，這(zhe)次人民(min)銀(yin)行與巴西(xi)中央(yang)銀(yin)行簽署了合作(zuo)(zuo)備忘(wang)錄(lu)，可以(yi)理解為中國(guo)倡導的(de)一(yi)個被疫情中斷的(de)服務于“促進(jin)雙邊貿(mao)易(yi)、投資便(bian)利化(hua)”的(de)貨幣金融合作(zuo)(zuo)進(jin)程的(de)恢(hui)復。這(zhe)個進(jin)程的(de)啟動和(he)快速(su)進(jin)展(zhan)期，全球(qiu)化(hua)還在(zai)相對較高的(de)速(su)度上(shang)推(tui)進(jin)。世(shi)(shi)易(yi)時移，這(zhe)個進(jin)程重(zhong)新啟動之際，“大(da)國(guo)戰略競爭”敘事對“全球(qiu)化(hua)”敘事構(gou)成了巨(ju)大(da)挑(tiao)戰。希(xi)望新興經濟體(ti)(ti)特別是金磚國(guo)家之間(jian)通過對這(zhe)一(yi)合作(zuo)(zuo)性舉措的(de)重(zhong)拾，能(neng)夠給世(shi)(shi)界一(yi)個醒(xing)目的(de)示(shi)范，幫助滑向競爭乃至對抗(kang)軌道的(de)大(da)國(guo)關系重(zhong)回(hui)正軌，如此，則這(zhe)一(yi)類型貨幣合作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)效能(neng)或將超越雙邊的(de)范疇，為人類命(ming)運共同(tong)體(ti)(ti)的(de)構(gou)建注(zhu)入更(geng)大(da)力量。

（作(zuo)者系(xi)中國社會科學院世界經濟與政(zheng)治研究所研究員）